The ten plagues
Exodus 7:14–11:10; Psalm 78:43–51; 105:26–36
God struck Egypt with ten plagues, from water turned to blood to darkness, judging Egypt's gods and showing his power, while Pharaoh hardened his heart.
but indeed for this cause I have made you stand: to show you my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth
Exodus 9:16 (World English Bible)
Each plague showed that Yahweh, not Egypt's gods, ruled the Nile, the land, the livestock, the sky, and the sun. Starting with the fourth plague, God made a distinction between his people and Egypt, sparing Goshen where Israel lived (8:22–23).
Pharaoh bargained and broke his word again and again. Exodus says both that Pharaoh hardened his heart and that God hardened it, so that God's power and name would be known in all the earth (9:16; Romans 9:17).
Places
Dating notes
Ussher argues that all ten plagues fell within about a month in the spring of 1491 BC, against a Jewish tradition that they lasted a year. Scripture doesn't give the total span.